Examples of organ systems include the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive . Donohoe DR, Garge N, Zhang X, Sun W, OConnell TM, Bunger MK, Bultman SJ. Which animal has strongest digestive system? In this section, the relationship between diet composition and digestive enzyme activity is addressed first, followed by consideration of transporters in the GI tract. It takes roughly 8-9 hours for the whole digestive process to complete. Bouchard SS, Bjorndal KA. Mechanisms vary, including competitive (350) and noncompetitive (473) enzyme inhibition as well as disruptions of the emulsification process important in digestion of fat (401). Marshall SDG, Gatehouse LN, Becher SA, Christeller JT, Gatehouse HS, Hurst MRH, Boucias DG, Jackson TA. Low plasticity in digestive physiology constrains feeding ecology in diet specialist, Zebra finch (, Bucher EH, Tamburini D, Abril A, Torres P. Folivory in the white-tipped plantcutter. The relative importance of intrinsic and microbial cellulolysis has been investigated, especially in insects (464), revealing considerable variation. Skopec MM, Hagerman AE, Karasov WH. Secondary metabolites of vertebrate-dispersed fruits: Evidence for adaptive functions. Enhanced paracellular absorption may have evolved as a compensation for smaller intestinal size in birds compared with nonflying mammals (Fig. As in mammals, multiple transporters are expressed, with overlapping specificities for amino acids. Cano M, Ilundain AA. Developmental adjustments of house sparrow (. Butyrate, which is a waste product of the microbial community metabolism, is the principal respiratory substrate used by the gut epithelial cells (124). Resident bacteria in the GI tract of humans also have considerable capacity to utilize carbohydrates, including complex plant polysaccharides. The capacity of some insects to degrade plant cell-wall components is further illustrated by the identification of 167 enzymes from eight enzyme families capable to degrading plant cell-wall polysaccharides in a recent sequence analysis of seven species of phytophagous beetles (358). Nielsen HM, Rassing MR. Nicotine permeability across the buccal TR146 cell culture model and porcine buccal mucosa in vitro: Effect of pH and concentration. In: Starck JM, Wang T, editors. Accumulation of dietary cholesterol in sitosterolemia caused by mutations in adjacent ABC transporters. In: Hoar WS, Randall DJ, Brett JR, editors. Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: Digestion and absorption in postlarval stages. The invertebrate B(0) system transporter, D, melanogaster NAT1, has unique d-amino acid affinity and mediates gut and brain functions. In: Boyd CAR, Noble D, editors. LAB #2: BIO 132: Fetal Pig Dissection, Human digestive system - Quizlet
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