[15] Robinson also points out that many eunuchs in Beijing resorted to banditry. Gttingen, 1976. Pirate is the most general of the four terms. Encyclopedia.com. "Fools Banished from the Kingdom: Remapping Geographies of Gang Violence between the Americas (Los Angeles and San Salvador)." A group of swordsmen are called bandits. Outlaws and Highwaymen: The Cult of the Robber in England from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century. Collective Nouns for Mammals Noted for their fur (or hair) and ability to produce milk to feed their young, mammals come in all shapes and sizes. In the beginning he is portrayed as an ordinary criminal robbing from everyone in sight. By 1735, London newspapers regularly reported the exploits of Turpin and his "Essex Gang." As Ren Girard noted in Violence and the Sacred (1988), by killing not the murderer himself but someone close to him, an act of perfect reciprocity is avoided and the necessity for further revenge is bypassed. His letters and broadsides show a clear political agenda, not typical of Hobsbawm's social bandit. If officials labeled revolutionaries as bandits, bandits sometimes professed to have political aims, to cover their crimes with a veneer of legitimacy. In Anglo-American folklore Dick Turpin (17051739) is the English counterpart of Cartouche. He further expanded the field in the 1969 study Bandits. Madrid, 1934. In addition to a desire for economic gain, personal and familial conflict drove some men to banditry. These discourses are often metaphorically constructed, interpreted, and reinterpreted in various ways. Bandits did not necessarily belong to the peasantry; they often belonged to those groups who sponsored or controlled the production of (often) literary symbols. Marginal rural people became guerrilla bandits, drawn to war by coercion or by promises of booty. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The two interpretations are not necessarily opposed and indeed may coexist at different levels of analysis. Edited by John G. Persistiany and Julian Pitt-Rivers. London, 1971. [39], Marauding was one of the most common peasant reactions to oppression and hardship. As a category of social behavior, banditry employs specific displays of violence to generate terror for personal ends. In The German Underworld: Deviants and Outcasts in German History, edited by Richard J. Evans, pp.
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